پژوهشنامه تاریخ تشیع
سال چهارم شماره 3 (پیاپی 9، پاییز 1399)

The 3rd and 4th centuries of Hijri were the era of expansion of the Shiites in the lands under the rule of the Abbasid Caliphate, and the eastern lands of this Caliphate, i.e. cultural Iran, also witnessed many changes during this period, such as the formation of the Alawite governments of Tabaristan and Al-Buyeh, uprisings and movements, as well as the Ismaili da'wah and the spread of Imamiyya ideas. It has been in line with the generalization and expansion of Shi'ism. However, from the fourth century onwards, the opportunity for the continuation of this dynamic and the struggle of the Shiites and their roles in the social and political atmosphere of Iran was stopped to such an extent that the reason for this stop as a research issue, the necessity of studying the obstacles in front of this process and the lack of continuity of these currents. explores. The investigation of the obstacles on the way to the expansion of Shiism in this research is done based on the framework of Hager Strand's diffusion theory in order to obtain qualitative and quantitative information in this regard and to categorize the most influential ones in this historical expansion.

The rulers of the Qura Quyunlu were influenced by governments such as Al-Jalair and Timurids in their way of governance, the Sadat class in these governments was more than ever in terms of the religious policies they had adopted and in terms of the increase of Shiite tendencies and the spread of Sufism in their era. They were respected. Qara Quyunlu also tried to adopt policies such as getting close to prominent families of Sadat and establishing kinship ties with them, recruiting and employing Sadat in administrative, judicial and religious positions, giving gifts and accessories to Sadat and supporting Sadat Alam and Scholars have shown their devotion and respect towards this noble Prophet (PBUH) and use Sadat's position to advance their political goals. In this research, which has been carried out with a descriptive-analytical method, an attempt has been made to investigate the fields of interaction and confrontation between the Qaraqyunloh and Sadat, the position of Sadat during the period of the Qarqyunloh's rule, and some of their scientific, literary and political figures have been introduced.

Review : The purpose of this research is to identify the political behavior of Abdullah bin Qays, known as Abu Musa Ash'ari, from the scenarios and to match it with the historical reports of his performance during the Caliphate of Ali (AS). Is there a match between the claims in Abu Musa Ash'ari's letters and his political behavior? Extracting key points such as hostile, treacherous, ungrateful behavior, disobedience, hypocrisy, deception and ignorance of Abu Musa in the letters of others, especially Ali (a.s.) On the other hand, the people's remorse for the sin was measured by a series of historical reports, the result of which is that there is a mismatch between his political claims and his actions in this period of Islamic history.Keyword: Political behavior, letters, Abu Musa Ash'ari, Caliphate of Ali (AS )1.

Hilla Theological School is one of the Shiite scientific centers that many scholars were proud of during the sixth to eighth centuries. Sayyed Ibn Tavous (d. 665) and Ibn Fahad Helli (d. 841) are two theological scholars in the school of Hilla. Their lives were different in two periods of time so that Sayyed Ibn Tavous lived at the end of the Abbasid caliphate and the beginning of the rule of the Mongol ilkhans who were called Jair(Oppressor) in Shiite political thought; But Ibn Fahad Helli was born about two centuries later at a time when these Oppressive governments had disintegrated the governments of the tribal monarchies had risen and the number of Shiites had increased more than before; This difference caused when these two Shia thinkers, while both of them were followers of the jurisprudential-theological current in the school of Hilla, had different political thoughts and their policies were different in dealing with the oppressive ruler. In the present study, which has been done by descriptive-analytical method, by using library resources and criticizing the reports in them, we have made a comparative study of the political thought of Sayyed Ibn Tavous and Ibn Fahad Helli.

This article examines the relationship between Abdul Malik bin Marwan, one of the most powerful ‎Umayyad caliphs, and Imam Sajjad (a), as the leader of the Shiite community. This issue, not only ‎would reveal the political position of Imam Sajjad (A), but also can illustrate a way of understanding ‎the political and social activities of Shiites in the second half of the first century AH. The raised ‎question of the present paper is: how did Abdul Malik treat Imam Sajjad during his twenty years of ‎rule? It does not seem possible to imagine a specific pattern of behavior for the relationship ‎between the two though. During his role, Abdul Malik behaved appropriately and interacted with ‎Imam Sajjad (A) until the last years of his caliphate, but from the early nineties (AH), he changed ‎his behavior with the Imam and created severe pressures and strictures against him. Therefore, ‎this study mainly concluded by examining historical sources that the course of Abdul Malik's ‎approach to Imam Sajjad (A) began with an interactive approach and ended with a confrontational ‎approach. ‎

Ashura Studies in the Contemporary IranAshura has been an attractive topic for various researchers since the beginning of time. It is this attraction that has caused an enormous amount of literature to be formed on this topic. Literature has different strains and approaches, and in the present day, more researchers have studied it and created various works. Undoubtedly, these works are related to the existing historical and social contexts. The present paper analyzes Iranian society from 1961 to 2011 with a qualitative approach and discourse analysis. It examines the Ashura research discourses of this historical period. The main issue of this research is the discovery of essential discourses in Ashura studies in the mentioned historical period. The research method here is qualitative, using Laclau and Mouffe's discourse analysis method. The research results show that the top three discourses of this fifty-year period, which have been flowing either during the same period or at the same time, are: revolutionary, reformative, and emotional discourse. The review of the Ashura literature pictures the influence of the socio-political situation, indicating the challenge of tradition and modernity on these approaches and discourses. Also, the results of the research show an active but hidden discourse. Historians and researchers neglect moral discourse, but this research has addressed it, a discourse that tries to highlight the moral teachings of Ashura and conveys them to society, formulating the society's ethics based on that.